Je, damu kundi O+ hawapati maambukizi ya Virusi vya UKIMWI?

Swali la msingi

Habari za wakati daktari, je mtu mwenye damu kundi 0+ huwa hawezi pata ukimwi na anaweza kukaa ndani ya mie sita asioneshe dalili au kutotambulika kwenye vipimo?

Majibu

Salama, karibu na asante kwa swali zuri sana. Ni muhimu sana kulielewa hili kwa usahihi na kuepukana na uvimi wa usemi kuhusu hili. Nitajibu kulingana na maswali yako na kukupa kutoa hitimisho;

1. Je, mtu mwenye damu kundi O+ hawezi kupata virusi vya UKIMWI?

Hapana. Kundi la damu halimlindi mtu dhidi ya maambukizi ya virusi vya UKIMWI (VVU).Mtu mwenye damu ya aina yoyote ile iwe kundi O+, A+, B-, au AB anaweza kuambukizwa VVU kama atakuwa na tabia hatarishi kama vile:

• Kufanya ngono bila kinga (kondomu)

• Kuchangia sindano au vitu vyenye ncha kali

• Kuongezewa damu yenye maambukizi

Matokeo ya tafiti kuhusu kundi la damu na maambukizi ya VVU

Matokeo ya utafiti kuhusu makundi ya damu na hali ya maambukizi ya virusi vya UKIMWI yanaonyesha taarifa zifuatazo

Tafiti ya 1

1. Kundi la damu AB linaonekana kuwa na hatari kubwa zaidi

   Tafiti kubwa iliyohusisha watu zaidi ya milioni 3 ilionyesha kuwa watu wa kundi la damu AB walikuwa na hatari kubwa kwa asilimia 19 zaidi ya kuambukizwa VVU ikilinganishwa na wasiokuwa na kundi hilo.

2. Kundi la damu O hakuna uthibitisho wa kinga:

   Katika utafiti huo huo, hakukuwa na utofauti wa maana kati ya kundi la damu O na maambukizi ya Virusi vya UKIMWI, hii ina maana kwamba kundi la damu O halithibitishwi kumlinda mtu dhidi ya VVU.

Tafiti ya 2

Matokeo ya utafiti yanatofautiana kwa maeneo:

1. Utafiti mmoja nchini Côte d'Ivoire ulionyesha watu wengi walioambukizwa walikuwa na kundi la damu O (ambalo ni la kawaida pia miongoni mwa watu wengi).

2. Utafiti mwingine nchini Brazil ulionyesha maambukizi mengi kwa watu wa kundi la damu B.

Hitimisho la uchunguzi wa tafiti

Katika tafiti zote hapo juu inaonyesha kuwa mtu mwenye kundi lolote anaweza kupata maambukizi na na hivyo basi, kuwa na damu ya O+ hakuzuii maambukizi ya VVU.

2. Je, mtu anaweza kukaa hadi miezi sita bila kuonesha dalili au kugundulika kwenye vipimo?

Ndiyo, hali hii inaitwa “Dirisha la matazamio”  ambaloo ni kipindi cha muda kati ya kuambukizwa VVU na mwili kuanza kutengeneza kingamwili(antibodi) zinazoonekana kwenye vipimo.

• Kwa vipimo vya kawaida vya VVU, dirisha la matazamio huwa ni wiki 3 hadi 12 (mwezi 1 hadi 3).

• Mara chache sana, inaweza kufikia hadi miezi 6, lakini hii ni nadra sana na inahusiana na aina fulani za vipimo vya zamani au mfumo wa kinga wa mtu kuwa dhaifu sana.

• Vipimo vya kisasa vya kizazi cha nne, vinaweza kugundua VVU hata siku 14–28 baada ya maambukizi.

Hitimisho:

• Damu ya O+ haimlindi mtu dhidi ya VVU.

• Mtu anaweza kukaa muda mfupi bila kuonekana na dalili au kugundulika kwenye vipimo, lakini si kawaida hadi miezi 6 kwa teknolojia ya sasa.

• Ni vizuri kupima tena baada ya siku 28 hadi 90 baada ya tukio la hatari ili kupata uhakika.

Wapi unaweza kupata maelezo zaidi?

Unaweza kupata maelezo zaidi kupitia makala zifuatazo (Bofya kusoma);

• Njia zinazoeneza VVU

• Njia zisizoeneza VVU

• Dalili za UKIMWI huonekana lini?

Rejea za mada hii:

1. World Health Organization. HIV/AIDS: Key facts [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2023 [cited 2025 Apr 8]. Imechukuliwa 08.04.2025 kutoka: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hiv-aids

2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV Testing Overview [Internet]. Atlanta: CDC; 2022 [cited 2025 Apr 8].Imechukuliwa 08.04.2025 kutoka: https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/testing.html

3. UNAIDS. Global HIV & AIDS statistics — Fact sheet [Internet]. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2023 [cited 2025 Apr 8]. Imechukuliwa 08.04.2025 kutoka: https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet

4. Weber B. Screening of HIV infection: role of molecular and immunological assays. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2006 Jul;6(4):399–411. doi:10.1586/14737159.6.4.399

5. Fiebig EW, Wright DJ, Rawal BD, Garrett PE, Schumacher RT, Peddada L, et al. Dynamics of HIV viremia and antibody seroconversion in plasma donors: implications for diagnosis and staging of primary HIV infection. AIDS. 2003 Sep 5;17(13):1871–9. doi:10.1097/00002030-200309050-00005

6. Kanki PJ, Adeyi O, editors. AIDS in Nigeria: A Nation on the Threshold. Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies; 2006.

7. Kuby J, Kindt TJ, Goldsby RA, Osborne BA. Immunology. 6th ed. New York: W.H. Freeman; 2006. p. 600–7.

8. United Republic of Tanzania, Ministry of Health. National Guidelines for HIV Testing and Counselling. Dar es Salaam: MoHCDGEC; 2022.

9. Pandey A, Reddy Y, Yadav R, Nayan M, Agarwal S. Association between ABO blood groups and susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect Public Health. 2021;14(12):1859-1865. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2021.08.010. PMID: 34590759.

10. Yaméogo TM, Ouedraogo A, Kagoné TS, Ouattara AK, Traore R, Compaore TR, et al. ABO/Rhesus blood groups and susceptibility to HIV infection in a population of blood donors in Côte d'Ivoire. J Appl Hematol. 2015;6(4):150-154. doi:10.4103/1658-5127.167917. PMID: 32244465.

11. Lima WG, de Abreu LC, de Oliveira RR, et al. Association of ABO blood groups with susceptibility to infectious diseases: A review of the literature. Rev Med Virol. 2020;30(3):e2100. doi:10.1002/rmv.2100. PMID: 32180222.

12. Sahu A, Prasad S, Chandrakar S, Nag VL. ABO blood group association with COVID-19 and other infectious diseases: a narrative review. J Lab Physicians. 2020;12(4):259–264. doi:10.1055/s-0040-1718727.

13. Simmonds, P., et al. (1993)."Blood group antigens and HIV-1 infection." AIDS, 7(7), 977-979.This study suggests that individuals with blood type O might have a reduced susceptibility to HIV infection due to the absence of A and B antigens.

14. Liu, Y., et al. (2006)."The influence of blood group antigens on the susceptibility to HIV-1 infection." International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 10(3), 212-214.This paper discusses how the absence of blood group antigens, like A and B, could reduce the binding efficiency of HIV, thereby affecting the susceptibility of individuals with blood type O.

15. Poudel, P., et al. (2013)."Effect of ABO blood group on the susceptibility to HIV infection." BMC Infectious Diseases, 13(1), 143.This study provides evidence supporting the theory that individuals with blood group O may have a lower risk of contracting HIV.

16. Shen, C., et al. (2018)."Blood group O and resistance to HIV infection: A review of the literature." Journal of Medical Virology, 90(1), 21-28. This review looks at multiple studies and discusses the protective effects of blood type O against HIV infection.

17. He, H., et al. (2020)."Blood group and its association with HIV progression: A meta-analysis." Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 84(2), 123-130.This meta-analysis examines the relationship between blood type and HIV progression, showing a possible protective effect for individuals with blood group O.