Dalili za awali za UKIMWI
Virusi vya UKIMWI (VVU) huathiri mfumo wa kinga ya mwili. Mara mtu anapoambukizwa, virusi hivi huanza kuathiri seli za kinga taratibu. Katika hatua za mwanzo (siku 2 hadi wiki 6 baada ya maambukizi), baadhi ya watu hupata dalili za awali, ingawa wengine hawapati dalili yoyote kabisa.
Dalili za awali
Kuonekana kwa dalili za awali huashiria hatua ya mwanzo ya maambukizi ambapo mwili unapambana kwa mara ya kwanza na virusi. Dalili hizi zinaweza kufanana na mafua au magonjwa mengine ya kawaida. Zinaweza kudumu kwa siku chache hadi wiki kadhaa, na kisha kutoweka.
Dalili zaweza kujumuisha:
Homa ya ghafla – Kiwango cha joto la mwili huongezeka.
Koo kuuma – Bila sababu ya wazi, kama vile mafua.
Maumivu ya kichwa na mwili – Hasa misuli na viungo.
Kuvimba tezi limfu – Kwenye shingo, kwapani au kinena.
Uchovu usioelezeka – Kuhisi kuchoka kila mara.
Kuharisha – Bila sababu dhahiri ya kula chakula chenye sumu au kupata maambukizi ya kawaida.
Vipele mwilini – Vya rangi nyekundu au ya waridi, vinavyotokea bila kuwasha sana.
Kutokwa jasho usiku – Hata kama hali ya hewa ni ya kawaida.
Kupungua uzito – Bila kujaribu kuupunguza.
Dalili hizi hazimaanishi moja kwa moja kuwa una VVU
Dalili hizi hufanana na zile za:
Mafua ya kawaida
Maambukizi ya virusi vingine
Malaria au taifoid (homa ya matumbo)
Kikohozi cha kawaida
Maambukizi ya njia ya hewa au mfumo wa chakula
Msongo wa mawazo, hofu kuu au sonona
Hivyo basi, upatapo dalili hizi usijihukumu bila kupima.
Wakati wa kumwona daktari
Unapaswa kumuona daktari au mtaalamu wa afya haraka iwezekanavyo ikiwa:
Umefanya tendo la ngono lisilo salama (bila kondomu au na mtu usiyemjua hali yake).
Umeona dalili za awali tajwa hapo juu baada ya tukio la hatari.
Una wasiwasi umeambukizwa (kwa mfano, sindano, jeraha, au kubakwa).
Una historia ya magonjwa ya zinaa.
Unataka kupima kwa hiari kujua hali yako – jambo bora kwa afya na usalama wako.
Unahitaji ushauri kuhusu matumizi ya dawa za kinga (PEP au PrEP).
Vipimo muhimu kufanyika
Kipimo cha haraka cha Virusi vya UKIMWI: Kinaweza kufanyika kuanzia wiki ya 3–12 baada ya tukio la hatari.
Kipimo cha vinasaba vya kirusi- PCR : Hupima virusi mapema zaidi, hata siku 10–14 baada ya maambukizi.
Kipimo cha HIV unigold kinachothibitisha kama matokeo ya awali yanaonyesha kuwa una maambukizi.
Hitimisho
Dalili za awali za VVU zinaweza kufanana sana na magonjwa mengine. Hivyo basi, njia pekee ya kujua hali yako ya VVU ni kwa kupima. Kama una dalili zozote au ulifanya tendo la ngono lisilo salama, nenda hospitali mapema ili upate ushauri na huduma sahihi.
Maswali ya ziada na majibu kuhusu dalili za awali za ukimwi
Maswali haya yameulizwa sana, majibu yake yameandikwa kifasaha kitaalamu;
Rejea za mada hii:
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Cohen MS, Shaw GM, McMichael AJ, Haynes BF. Acute HIV-1 Infection. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(20):1943–54.
Kahn JO, Walker BD. Acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(1):33–9.
WHO. Guidelines on HIV self-testing and partner notification: supplement to consolidated guidelines on HIV testing services. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Symptoms of HIV. 2022. Inapatikana: https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/livingwithhiv/symptoms.html. Imechukuliwa 20.04.2025
Pilcher CD, Eron JJ, Galvin S, Gay C, Cohen MS. Acute HIV revisited: new opportunities for treatment and prevention. J Clin Invest. 2004;113(7):937–45.
World Health Organization. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public health approach. Geneva: WHO; 2021.
Fiebig EW, Wright DJ, Rawal BD, Garrett PE, Schumacher RT, Peddada L, et al. Dynamics of HIV viremia and antibody seroconversion in plasma donors: implications for diagnosis and staging of primary HIV infection. AIDS. 2003;17(13):1871–9.
Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in adults and adolescents with HIV. Department of Health and Human Services. [Internet]. 2023. Inapatikana: https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/. Imechukuliwa 20.04.2025
Powers KA, Ghani AC, Miller WC, Hoffman IF, Pettifor AE, Kamanga G, et al. The role of acute and early HIV infection in the spread of HIV in Lilongwe, Malawi: implications for "test and treat" and other transmission prevention strategies. Lancet. 2011;378(9787):256–68.