Tafiti nyingi zimefanyika kuangalia ukubwa wa tatizo la usugu wa vimelea vya maradhi kwenye dawa na zinaonyesha kuwepo na ongezeko kubwa la usugu wa vimelea vya maradhi kwenye dawa za kutibu maambukizi ya bakteria na fangasi. Tatizo hili linaweza kudhuru watu wa umri wowote na taifa lolote lile na huongeza gharama kwa wagonjwa na kukaa hospitali kwa muda mrefu.
Matumizi yasiyo sahihi ya dawa jamii ya ‘antibiotic’ na ‘antifungal’ zinazotibu magonjwa mbalimbali kama kisonono, TB, UTI, tonses, nimonia, homa ya matumbo, fangasi ukeni n.k, husababisha vimelea kuwa sugu dhidi ya dawa. Makala hii imezungumzia hali ya usugu dhidi ya matumizi yasiyo sahihi ya dawa jamii ya 'antibiotic' na 'antifungal'
Sababu za vimelea kuwa sugu
Sababu kuu zinazochangia kutokea kwa tatizo hili kama ilivyoonekana kwenye tafiti ni;
Kutokuwepo kwa mwongozo wa matumizi ya dawa kwa wataalamu wa afya inayofanya mtaalamu kujichagulia dawa bila kujali ni daraja gani la dawa lianze kutumika kwanza kabla ya kwenda daraja kubwa zaidi
Matumizi ya dawa bila kuandikiwa na daktari mwenye leseni na weledi wa dawa hizo
Matumizi ya dawa bila kufanyiwa vipimo kuonyesha ugonjwa uliopo
Kuandikiwa dawa na mtu ambaye si mtaalamu wa afya
Kutumia dawa bila kukamilisha dozi nzima uliyoandikiwa na mtaalamu wa afya
Mfano wa maradhi na usugu kwenye dawa ziilizokuwa zinatibu maradhi hayo awali;
Dawa ya Penicillin iliyogunduliwa mwaka 1941 imepoteza uwezo wa kutibu vimelea vya maradhi mwaka 1942 vinavyopelekea maradhi ya
UTI inayosababishwa na Streptococcus aureus
Maambukizi ya bakteria kwenye ngozi yanayosababishwa na Streptococcus aureus
Nimonia inayosababishwa na Streptococcus pneumonia
Kisonono(gono) kinachosababishwa na Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Dawa ya Amphotericin B iliyogunduliwa mwaka 1959 imepoteza uwezo wa kutibu vimelea vya maradhi mwaka 2016 vinavyopelekea maradhi ya
Fangasi wanaosababishwa na Candida auris
Dawa ya Azithromycin(azuma) iliyogunduliwa mwaka 1980 imepoteza uwezo wa kutibu vimelea vya maradhi mwaka 2011 vinavyopelekea maradhi ya
Kisonono(gono) yanayosababishwa na Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Dawa ya Ciprofloxacin iliyogunduliwa mwaka 1987 imepoteza uwezo wa kutibu vimelea vya maradhi mwaka 2007 vinavyopelekea maradhi ya
Kisonono(gono) yanayosababishwa na Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Dawa ya Fluconazole iliyothibitishwa na FDA mwaka 1990 imepoteza uwezo wa kutibu vimelea vya maradhi mwaka 1988 vinavyopelekea maradhi ya
Fangasi wanaosababishwa na fangasi aina ya Candinda na Aspergillus
Dawa ya Caspofungin iliyogunduliwa mwaka 2001 imepoteza uwezo wa kutibu vimelea vy maradhi mwaka 2004 vinavyopelekea maradhi ya
Fangasi wanaosababishwa na Candinda
Dawa ya Cefotaxime iliyogunduliwa mwaka 1980 imepoteza uwezo wa kutibu vimelea mwaka 1983 vinavyopelekea maradhi ya
UTI yanayosababishwa na Escherichia coli
Dawa zingine ambazo zina usugu kwenye vimelea vya fangasi na bakteria ni pamoja na
Vancomycin
Methicillin
Imipenem
Daptomycin
Ceftazidime-avibactam
Isoniazid
Streptomycin
Rifampicin
Ceftriaxone
Cefixime
n.k
Matokeo ya kutochukua hatua dhidi ya tatizo la usugu wa vimelea wa maradhi kwenye dawa
Bila kuwepo kwa hatua za haraka, dunia itaingia kwenye kipindi ambacho dawa za bakteria na fangasi ambazo zilikuwa zinasaidia maelfu ya watu wenye magonjwa mbalimbali, kutofanya kazi na kuleta vifo vingi kwa sababu ya kukosa dawa. Inakadiriwa na shirika la afya duniani ‘WHO’ kuwa ifikapo mwaka 2050, idadi ya watu watakaokufa kutokana na usugu wa vimelea kwenye dawa itafikia milioni 10 endapo hatua hazitachukuliwa kukabiliana na tatizo hili.
Mfano, ugonjwa wa Kifua kikuu (TB) unaoongoza kuua watu duniani kote, kwa sasa unaua watu zaidi ya milioni 3.5 kila mwaka katika nchi zaidi ya 100 duniani. Hii imetokana na usugu wa vimelea wa TB kwenye dawa zilizopo ambazo awali zilikuwa na uwezo wa kutibu.
Nini ufanye ili kuepuka au kujikinga na usugu wa dawa kwenye vimelea?
Tumia dawa endapo tu umeandikiwa na daktari aliyesajiliwa
Usinunue au kutumia dawa za 'antibiotic' au 'antifungal' endapo mtaalamu amekwambia huhitaji tumia dawa hizo
Usitumie mabaki ya dawa za 'antibiotic' au 'antifungal' au kutumia kwa pamoja dozi ya mtu mwingine
Tumia dozi ya dawa kwa masaa na siku ulizopangiwa na mtaalamu wa afya
Jikinge na maradhi mbalimbali kwa kufuata kanuni za kiafya mfano, Kunywa maji safi na salama, nawa mikono kabla ya kula, andaa chakula kwa usafi, fanya ngono salama na pata chanjo kwa wakati ili uepuke matumizi ya dawa
Usitumie mazao ya wanyama au ndege waliokuzwa kwa dawa za 'antibiotic' au kutumia dawa hizo kama kinga ya maradhi ya magonjwa, isipokuwa endapo walikuwa wanaumwa. Hii itasaidia kuepuka kupata vimelea sugu kutoka kwa mazao hayo
Penda kujisomea kuhusu mada za kiafya ili kufahamu matibabu ya nyumbani, dawa, magonjwa na kinga mbalimbali za maradhi
Kumbuka;
Matumizi ya dawa yasiyo sahihi hujumuisha matumizi kwa binadamu au wanyama wengine wa kufungwa
Unaweza kupata maambukizi ya vimelea sugu wa dawa aina fulani kutoka kwa mtu mwingine kisha ukashindwa kutibika kwa dawa inayofahamika kutibu vimelea au ugonjwa ulionao.
Rejea za mada hii;
Antibiotic-resistance in Tanzania is an environmental problem. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/01/200130081627.htm. Imechukuliwa 29.01.2021
Pius G. Horumpende, et al. Point prevalence survey of antimicrobial use in three hospitals in North-Eastern Tanzania. https://aricjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13756-020-00809-3. Imechukuliwa 29.01.2021
Nyambura Moremi, et al. Antimicrobial resistance pattern: a report of microbiological cultures at a tertiary hospital in Tanzania. https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-016-2082-1. Imechukuliwa 29.01.2021
Vijay B. Arumugham, et al. Third Generation Cephalosporins. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549881/#. Imechukuliwa 29.01.2021
Diana Faini, et al. Burden of serious fungal infections in Tanzania. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/myc.12390. Imechukuliwa 29.01.2021
CDC. About Antibiotic Resistance. https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/about.html#. Imechukuliwa 29.01.2021
WHO. Antibiotic resistance. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antibiotic-resistance. Imechukuliwa 29.01.2021
OO Komolafe. Antibiotic resistance in bacteria - an emerging public health problem . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345436/. Imechukuliwa 29.01.2021
Vachon M. A report presented by George Soros Open Society Institute. New York: 1999. Harvard Medical School Report Warns of World Health Threat. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alasdair_Macgowan/publication/275402285_Surveillance_of_antimicrobial_resistance/links/56b9b89408ae3b658a8a055f/Surveillance-of-antimicrobial-resistance.pdf. Imechukuliwa 29.01.2021
Antimicrobials and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria: A Risk to the Environment and to Public Health. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/12/3313/pdf. Imechukuliwa 29.01.2021
Lewis Marquez, et al. Prevalence and Therapeutic Challenges of Fungal Drug Resistance: Role for Plants in Drug Discovery. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7235788/. Imechukuliwa 29.01.2021
Michael A. Pfaller, MD. Antifungal Drug Resistance: Mechanisms, Epidemiology, and Consequences for Treatment. https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343%2811%2900913-2/fulltext. Imechukuliwa 29.01.2021
Dhara N. Shah, et al. Impact of Prior Inappropriate Fluconazole Dosing on Isolation of Fluconazole-Nonsusceptible Candida Species in Hospitalized Patients with Candidemia. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3370796/. Imechukuliwa 29.01.2021
Ronen Ben-Ami, et al. Antibiotic Exposure as a Risk Factor for Fluconazole-Resistant Candida Bloodstream Infection. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3346668/. Imechukuliwa 29.01.2021
Thomas F. Patterson, et al. Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Aspergillosis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4967602/. Imechukuliwa 29.01.2021
David S. Perlin, et al. Update on Antifungal Drug Resistance. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40588-015-0015-1. Imechukuliwa 29.01.2021
MARTHA F. MUSHI, et all. Prevalence and factors associated with over-the-counter use of antifungal agents in Mwanza City, Tanzania. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312667730_Prevalence_and_factor_associated_with_over-the-counter_use_of_antifungal_agents'_in_Mwanza_City_Tanzania. Imechukuliwa 29.01.2021
Diana Faini, et al. Burden of serious fungal infections in Tanzania. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/77101878.pdf. Imechukuliwa 29.01.2021
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